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Reflective analysis

Friday, May 3, 2019
Overall, I am happy with the way that my podcast has turned out and immensely enjoyed both the practicalities of making it and the research that came prior to creating the script.

There are, however, details that I feel could have been improved to make the viewing experience more pleasurable. I hoped to capture the bowl in a more interesting manner, however due to the limitations of handling a delicate and highly valuable object as well as the issue of removing any hands from the footage, I had to settle on a simple spinning motion. I felt including my hands in the footage would have taken away from the film, as although I did not have to wear blue gloves, it still did not look as professional or aesthetically pleasing. It was also a shame that I wasn't able to film pieces that were in other galleries such as the Dutch Tiles, however I hope that by including still images of these objects I could show a better visual comparison and help the viewer follow my line of speech better. Another massive shame was that my video was watermarked with the software that I used. Unfortunately I was unable to get around this but it does not make for the most pleasurable viewing experience.

In terms of my research log, I tried to keep the process as organic as possible and write blog posts when and where the information became available to me. Particularly in the instance of the translation issue, where I was awaiting replies/an answer for a long time, this means the blog is not always in the more readable order and often diverts down (unnecessary) tangents. However, I feel I got more out of the project this way as it allowed for a wider breadth of research and the time to personally reflect and think about my object.

After having picked the bowl, I discovered that there was a lack of information about the trail of its path to Durham due to poor records, and with no name of artist available, it became hard to do specific research on the bowl. I therefore leaned a lot more on researching the general history and nature of fritware, and a comparative stance with other bowls in the collection and the archives of the Victoria and Albert and essays from the Metropolitan museum. One silver lining of this lack of information though, was that it did force me to get in touch with several experts, including my translator and the National Arts Fund, which was massively rewarding and made me feel a lot more involved in my research.

After I felt I had a good body of knowledge behind me, it was time to create the storyline and script for my podcast. I found this by far the most enjoyable part of the process, as unlike the traditional academic essays I am used to writing, where a strong argument must be followed, this allowed me to delve into the parts I found the most interesting and have more of a flow behind my work.

I cannot express my gratitude enough for the help of the staff at the Oriental Museum who were extremely helpful in providing the documentation that I needed and their patience when I stressed about the origin of the bowl. Thanks also to Anthony Parton for putting together the module and the unique chance for a research project quite unlike any other that is on offer at Durham University.

Podcast storyboard

Tuesday, April 30, 2019
At this point of the preparation I was ready to make my storyboard. Below I have scanned my original storyboards and to show what the progression of my podcast should look like. However, I am more than anticipating that these may slightly change after the filming of my podcast, to not only fit the short 8 minute time limit but also to suit the limitations of the film editing programme that I am using.


I chose originally to create a storyboard with small drawn images of what I intended to film, however on reflection felt that this was overly confusing and would slow down my filming time as I attempted to uncover what I hid written. In the end, I settled for this plan instead.



Podcast planning

- First - a description of my object and reasoning behind choosing it

- Historical exploration of previous owners and how the pot came to be in Durham

- Consideration of the other 8 bowls in the bequest and a brief introductory comparison

- Techniques behind making the bowls

- Historical Context of Persian pottery

- Themes: Imagery, Geometry, Arabesque, Calligraphy

- Focus on the Minai masters

- Conclusion: Contemporary value at auction and look to the future

I had to cut down my podcast a lot from the original research that I had garnered for it because of time limitations but I hope I made the right decisions in where the material should come from in the end for a nicely flowing and interesting talk.


Research questions - narrowing down the field

Sunday, April 14, 2019
In order to keep my research concise and informative, specifically focused around the bowl, I decided to split it into several research questions. These have been listed down below and should all have their own blogpost dedicated to them.
  1. What techniques were used in creating Islamic ceramics? How did these change and develop over time? 
  2. What is the context/history surrounding your object? What was the impact on Islamic art in general? 
  3. What is the significance of the calligraphy round the outside of the bowl/in Islamic art? 
  4. How were decorative motifs used to decorate the bowl - what do they represent in Islamic art? 
  5. What was the function of the bowl? 
  6. What is the contemporary value of the bowl/others in the collection and what is the market for this type of pottery like now? 
Time allowing, an answer to all of the above will also make it into my podcast later on!

Contemporary value of the bowls

Saturday, April 6, 2019



As a concerted effort to find out more about the contemporary price I contacted the Auctioneers at Bonhams to see whether they could give me a rough valuation. Whilst my emails were never answered, as with the Asian department at the V&A, I did manage to have an interesting telephone call with one of their auctioneers to find out more about my object.

Bonhams receives objects from all over the world, usually from individual clients. Because of this, they have a free valuation service that I was able to take advantage of. They were actually able to give some pretty good estimates on the bowls in the collection, due to the fact that they have previously sold some works collected by Henry Van den Bergh themselves. The further I look into the bowls, the more extensive his collection seems to have been.

They placed the value of the bowl at around £2000-3000 due to the fragmentation but said that other bowls in the collection would be fetching closer to £6000. This is a dramatic increase from its insurance value of £20 in 1984, which based on the Bank of England's inflation calculator would equate to about £60 now and hints to just how rare and special pottery of this nature is both aesthetically and as a historical artefact.


Lot 122
A MINAI OVERGLAZE-PAINTED POTTERY BOWL

Persia, late 12th/ early 13th Century

£ 10,000 - 15,000
US$ 13,000 - 20,000

A Minai overglaze-painted pottery bowl
Persia, late 12th/ early 13th Century
with flaring sides, the base with two figures flanking a tree, the sides with an interlacing palmette frieze, the exterior with a band of cursive inscription
20.5 cm. diam.

FOOTNOTES
Provenance: Formerly in the collection of Henry Van den Bergh
Henry Van den Bergh (1851-1937) was the son of the founder of Dutch company Van den Bergh Foods. A keen collector of art and antiques, he donated many pieces to museums during his life through the Art Fund. His bequests include a Minai pottery Mug in the British Museum (see R.L. Hobson, A Guide to the Islamic Pottery of the Near East, London, 1923, p. 35), a number of important 17th Century Dutch paintings in the Ashmolean Museum and a collection of Dutch tiles in the Victoria and Albert Museum (see Bernard Rackham, Dutch Tiles, the Van den Bergh Gift, London, 1923).
He also loaned various pieces to the Exhibition of Persian Art at Burlington House in 1931, one of which is illustrated in the catalogue (see Persian Art, An Illustrated Souvenir of the Exhibition of Persian Art at Burlington House, London, 1931, p. 57).
A Minai moulded pottery footed Bowl Persia, late 12th Century and later

Lot 33A MINAI MOULDED POTTERY FOOTED BOWL

Persia, late 12th Century and later

£ 3,000 - 5,000
€ 3,500 - 5,900

A Minai moulded pottery footed Bowl
Persia, late 12th Century and later

with upright sides, decorated in polychrome and gilt on a white ground, depicting a large figure of a rider on horseback, the horseman wearing a cobalt-blue robe with gilt diamond-shape decoration, the trousers of turquoise, the figure with a diadem within a halo, the horse draped with a manganese saddle cloth with cobalt-blue border with similar diamond-shape design, the central field with raised details on the bazubands, sash and horse bridle, within a circular band of trailing vine, the rim with a similar vine, the exterior of the rim with a frieze of moulded palmettes and arabesques, the underside with a fragmentary label from the 1931 Burlington House Exhibition of Persian Art, composite with possible insertions and areas of restoration

16 cm. diam.; 7.5 cm. high

FOOTNOTES
Provenance: Formerly in the collection of Henry Van Den Bergh.
The designs on Minai bowls of this type are worked in underglaze colours, overglaze enamels and in cold gilding, the opulence of which shows that these were produced as luxury wares.
A Minai pottery bowl Persia, 12th/ 13th Century



























Lot 19R

A MINAI POTTERY BOWL

Persia, 12th/ 13th Century

£ 4,000 - 6,000
€ 4,700 - 7,000

A Minai pottery bowl
Persia, 12th/ 13th Century

of deep slightly flaring form on a long foot, decorated in polychrome and gold leaf on a cream ground with a central roundel containing a mounted figure hawking, surrounded by a band of seated figures interspersed by stylised foliate sprays, the border with a band of inscription in kufic interspersed by roundels containing palmettes, the interstices with split-palmettes, the exterior with a band of diamond motifs overlaid in gold leaf
23 cm. diam.

Comparative pieces

Thursday, April 4, 2019
With the history of my object starting to become more uncovered, I thought now would be the time to look at some comparative pieces to contrast some similarities and differences between the pieces. Dating from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, these elaborately decorated bowls and jars were the latest of the long series of works of art which have come to the Fund for distributions to museums since 1909 form the collection of the late Henry Van den Bergh. The ceramics were presented by the Trustees of Mrs Elizabeth Roskill, Henry Van den Bergh's daughter, and given to the Museum of Oriental Art at the University of Durham. Built with the aid of a grant from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and opened in 1960, the Museum is the only one in the country to be devoted exclusively to the arts and archaeology of the East.


Having attempted to educate myself on Persian pottery as a whole, I felt like my podcast would be improved by including some references and comparisons to some of the other pots that arrived in Durham through the same Henry Van den Bergh bequest. For this reason, I contacted both Rachel and the National Arts Fund to send me records of the transaction and any more information surrounding the goods.

Above is pictured the information surrounding all nine bequests, which is covered in deeper detail in my paths of the bowl post.

Bowl 1:




Creation date: 1100-1299; Seljuq-Ilkhan Dynasty
Description: Persian celligraphic bowl, enamel with 'Minai' work. Rounded sides decorated in red, green and blue on white ground, with two opposed equestrian figures separated by a tree with birds at the base and a Kufic inscription round the rim inside. It has calligraphic decoration on the outside as well.
Dimensions: diameter 220
Material: materials – inorganic material – clay – clay products – ceramic
Object number: DUROM.1983.21
Production place: Asia – West Asia – Iran
Production period: Seljuq-Ilkhan Dynasty

Source

Bowl 2:


Title: bowls (Underglaze painted frit ware)
Creation date: 1100-1299; Seljuq-Ilkhan Dynasty
Description: Persian bowl, slightly flaming sides on straight base, in blue and black on white ground, interlaced medallion in centre, palm and formal foliage on inside walls, Kufic inscription round rim (White bowl with a flying duck in deep blue on the bottom of the bowl and deep blue stripes radiating all round). Seljug ware.
Dimensions: diameter 215 mm; height 100 mm
Physical Description: Underglaze painted frit ware
Material: materials – inorganic material – clay – clay products – ceramic
Object number: DUROM.1983.27
Production place: Asia – West Asia – Iran
Production period: Seljuq-Ilkhan Dynasty
Notes: -
Credit line: gift from the National Arts Collection Fund from the bequest of Henry Van der Bergh

Source

Bowl 3:


Title: bowls (Frit ware with lustre decoration)
Creation date: 1100-1299; Seljuq-Ilkhan Dynasty
Description: Persian lustre ware bowl decorated on the inside with a rider on a horse against a foliate background and on the outside with a calligraphic inscription in brownish gold and cream.
Dimensions: diameter 190 mm; height 80 mm
Physical Description: Frit ware with lustre decoration
Material: materials – inorganic material – clay – clay products – ceramic
Object number: DUROM.1983.28
Production place: Asia – West Asia – Iran
Production period: Seljuq-Ilkhan Dynasty
Notes: -
Credit line: gift from the National Arts Collection Fund from the bequest of Henry Van der Bergh

Source

Since a comparison of all 8 objects would have been too confusing and superficial, I have decided to focus on the three pictured above to make more concise observations and improve the depth of the research.

As we can see, the first bowl is also made with the Minai technique, and the second is also fritware, however the third is lustreware. These types of ceramics are closely linked, and give us an accurate source of our objects. They originate from the Seljuq-Ilkhan Dynasty so we can also assume that Henry was specifically collecting from this period at the time. These objects are all in fairly good condition in comparison to the bowl that I have chosen since they are all intact with no fragmentation or breakages. Their sizes are also all relatively similar. Very few original pieces of this pottery have survived, so these bowls are incredible artefacts to be housed in the museum and a fortunate survival.

Unlike my object these bowls have a less religious background as they feature imagery of people. Aniconism is the avoidance of images of sentient beings in some forms of Islamic art and stems in part from the prohibition of idolatry and in part from the belief that creation of living forms is God's prerogative. Although the Quran does not explicitly prohibit visual representation of any living being, it uses the word musawwir (maker of forms, artist) as an epithet of God.
Decoratively, the figures often appear moon-faced and full in form on both. These decorative elements are thought to have originated in textile design and book illustrations - the general repertoire of Minai iconography reflects princely life, with scenes of courtly entertainment, hunting, polo, music and warefare, while many are also inscribed with references to Persian poetry – however little is known of these bowls original intended function.
The central scene in bowls 1 and 3 both depict riders on horses against foliate backgrounds and with the addition of other birds at the base in the case of bowl 1. According my translator, Ali the inscription on the piece is a reputation of wa al-d(wawla) which translates as ‘wealth’. Around the outer rim reads another inscription of al-izz, which translates as ‘glory’. These textual references highlight the fact that the plate would have been both costly in production and was intended to offer the owner the virtues inscribed. Similarly, my object would have been thought to bring good will to a family and used for decorative means. There is a similar Minai bowl in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York which also features a horse man and servant and has an inscription in Kufic. It features many of the same colours but is also in worse condition. Compared to the voracious output of the potters, this highlights that are relatively few pots and ornaments left, and points to the incredible condition and luck of Durham to house the collection that they do.

Translation update

Tuesday, April 2, 2019
At last - good news on the translation front. After being worried that the origins of my bowl were becoming more and more unclear, it seems that the frustration and worry were for nothing.

Below I have pasted some of our interaction. 
Dear Ali Beikian, I am currently a student at Durham University. As part of my Objects of Desire module we are required to study an objectin depth and create an audio-visual podcast about it. I haveselected an Iranian bowl and wondered whether you could help translate the inscription on the bowlto help me further my research.Is this something that you would be able to do if I providedsome photographs? Your help would be much appreciated,Kind regards, Maddy
Dear Maddy,Salam.I am so glad to e-meet you.Sure, I would be delighted to help.Could you please send me some photos so that I can see if the inscriptions are legible enough?Best regards,Ali
Dear Ali, Thank you so much, I have attached images of the bowl below. Kind regards, Maddy 
Hi.
Thanks a lot.Both my wife and I examined the inscriptions carefully.We are not sure, as the inscriptions are not that legible, nor do they look like any Persian words! However, we have translated them as the following Arabic sentence(and the same sentence has been repeated round the bowl):لا اله الا اللهIf so, it means "There is no God but Allah".Best regards,Ali

So it appears whilst it may have a slightly different geographical origin, there was no need to worry about forgery or fakery or a dramatically different provenance of the bowl. Instead, as later emails with Ali uncovered, it hints more towards the religious meaning behind the bowl as the text is copied from the Q'aran and hints to the decorative function that the bowl would have served.